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Traffic Management For High-Speed Networks
Any network has bottlenecks or congestion points, i.e., locations where more data may arrive than the network can carry. A common cause for congestion is a mismatch in speed between networks. For example, a typical high-performance local area network (LAN) environment in the next several years may have the architecture shown in Figure 1. While the servers will use new high-speed asynchronous tr…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-59073-6
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- 1-31
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For the Record: Protecting Electronic Health Information
Information technology promises many benefits to health care. By helping to make accurate information more readily available to providers, payers, researchers, administrators, and patients, advanced computing and communications technology can help improve the quality and lower the costs of health care. At the same time, the prospect of storing health information in electronic form raises conc…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-52425-3,
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- 1-287
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Ada and Beyond: Software Policies for the Department of Defense
Ada was developed in the 1970s by the Department of Defense (DOD) and adopted in some DOD programs until its use was required for new software development in 1987. It has been employed as a tool for developing quality software and as a DOD policy lever to encourage DOD organizations and programs to adopt modern software engineering principles. Changes within DOD, the software engineering commun…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-58980-0
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- 1-114
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Computing and Communications in the Extreme: Research for Crisis Management a…
Crises are extreme events. They cause significant disruption and put lives and property at risk. Some crises arise from natural disasters such as earthquakes, hurricanes, fires, and floods. Man-made crises can be accidental, such as oil spills or the release of toxic substances, or they may be intentional, such as bombings by terrorists. Crises require an immediate response and a coordinated ap…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-57876-0
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- 1-175
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Technology Transfer Systems in the United States and Germany: Lessons and Per…
Part I of this report presents an overview of the structure, operation, and performance of major sectors of the national technology transfer systems in Ger- many and the United States and identifies opportunities for the two national systems to learn from each other. It draws substantially on the two country reports prepared by the German and U.S. delegations to the binational panel on “Tech…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-52293-5
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- 1-444
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Cryptography's Role in Securing the Information Society
For most of history, cryptography—the art and science of secret writing—has belonged to governments concerned about protecting their own secrets and about asserting their prerogatives for access to information relevant to national security and public safety. In the United States, cryp- tography policy has reflected the U.S. government’s needs for effective cryptographic protection of cla…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-52254-4
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- 1-721
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The Unpredictable Certainty: Information Infrastructure Through 2000
Are there any dominant trends in the evolution of a global or national information infrastructure (NII) for which there is no specification, no overall plan, and no institutional mechanism for reaching consensus about what it is or what it should be? That question motivated the NII 2000 project, which sought to characterize the technology deployment, market expectations, and proposed activities…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-59665-3
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- 1-298
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Allocating Federal Funds for Science and Technology
Currently, the federal research and development budget is typically defined as the sum of the research and development funds obligated or proposed by federal departments and agencies for programs and facilities classified as R&D. The re- search and development budget is never considered as an integrated whole during the development of the President’s budget or given an overall review by Cong…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-51973-X
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- 1-108
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Evolving the High Performance Computing and Communications Initiative to Supp…
Information technology drives many of today's innovations and offers still greater potential for further innovation in the next decade. It is also the basis for a domestic industry of about $500 billion,1 an industry that is critical to our nation's international competitiveness. Our domestic information technology industry is thriving now, based to a large extent on an extraordinary 50-year tr…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-58803-0
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- 1-134
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Forces Shaping the U.S. Academic Engineering Research Enterprise
The way in which academic engineering research is financed is chang- ing at an unprecedented rate. So, too, are public expectations for the out- comes of such research. One can relate these changes to the overlap of two unrelated occurrences: the end of the Cold War—expected to cause a drop in support for defense-related research in universities and an immediate loss of appetite for highly…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-52048-7
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- 1-144
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Computer-Aided Materials Selection During Structural Design
The selection of the proper materials for a structural component is critical to engineering design. Existing design procedures may currently be sufficient, especially where experience exists, but fierce industrial competition is spurring the search for improved methods and tools. The main drivers are quality, life-cycle cost, and time-to-market. Improved design efficiency and accuracy may have …
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-58767-0
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- 1-84
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Isotopes for Medicine and the Life Sciences
Both radioisotopes and enriched stable isotopes are essential to a wide variety of applications in medicine, where they are used in the diagnosis and treatment of illnesses. In addition, extensive application of isotopes in biomedical research finds wide parallel uses in research in chemistry, physics, biology, and geosciences, with additional needs existing in the commercial sector. Isotopes p…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-58764-6
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- 1-145
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Information Technology for Manufacturing
In a manufacturing environment that is perhaps changing more rapidly now than during the Industrial Revolution, competing successfully will require that U.S. manufacturers increasingly provide customers with shorter times between order and delivery and between product conceptualization and realization, greater product customization, and higher product quality and performance, while meet- ing mo…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-52118-1
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- 1-191
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Research Recommendations to Facilitate Distributed Work
The term ''distributed work" describes the practice of working without regard to location by using a combination of modern communications and computing technologies. It includes: • Working while truly mobile—in activities ranging from sales and on- site customer support or equipment repair to composing and submitting a product design while traveling; • Working as part of a geographic…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-58758-1
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- 1-84
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Major Award Decisionmaking at the National Science Foundation
During the past decade, NSF has established Engineering Research Centers, Supercomputer Centers, Science and Technology Centers, and other large research centers and facilities. A few awards were controversial, and called into question NSF policies and procedures for making large award decisions. Some of those involving the location of one-of-a-kind national facilities have generated the sharpe…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-58632-1
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- 1-175
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Information Technology in the Service Society: A Twenty-First Century Lever
The use of information technology (IT) has revolutionized the structure of management and the nature of competition in a variety of industries.1 IT is especially important in the service sector, which now accounts for about 74 percent of the value added in the U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) and about 76 percent of national employment (Table S.1) and enjoys a healthy $52 billion trade surplus…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-58538-4
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- 1-286
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An Assessment of Space Shuttle Flight Software Development Processes
Review the entire flight software development process from the initial requirements definition phase to final implementation, including object code build and final machine loading. • Review and critique NASA's independent verification and validation process and mechanisms, including NASA's established software development and testing standards. • Determine the acceptability and adequacy…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-59534-7
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- 1-207
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National Collaboratories: Applying Information Technology for Scientific Rese…
The fusion of computers and electronic communications has the potential to dramatically enhance the output and productivity of U.S. researchers. A major step toward realizing that potential can come from combining the interests of the scientific community at large with those of the computer science and engineering community to create integrated, tool-oriented computing and communications system…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-58532-5
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- 1-118
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Computing Professionals
Ensuring economic competitiveness and satisfying societal needs will depend increasingly on what people do with computer-based technology. Changes in that technology are having profound effects: the shift from large, centralized computing systems to smaller and distributed systems is fueling the growth in demand for computing systems and enabling the spread of computer- based technology into ou…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-57284-3
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- 1-165
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Probability and Algorithms
The main purpose of this report is to give an understanding of the power that comes from applying probability in the theory of algorithms, but an equally essential aim is to point out the variety of ways in which probability plays a role. One useful step in understanding this variety comes from making a clear distinction between the subject of probabilistic algorithms and the subject of probabi…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-59617-3
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- 1-189
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Computing the Future: A Broader Agenda for Computer Science and Engineering
As an academic discipline, computer science and engineering (CS&E) has been remarkably successful in its first decades of existence. But both the intellectual focus of academic CS&E and the environment in which the field is embedded are today in the midst of significant change. Accordingly, a proactive look forward will better prepare the field to evolve into the 21st century. The Computer Scie…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-58460-4
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- 1-287
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STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century
The Strategic Technologies for the Army Report (STAR) explores the implications of new or anticipated technologies to the ways in which the U.S. Army will be prepared to fight during the next 30 years. The STAR main report is in part a summation and culmination of findings made in 18 other STAR reports, each of which focused on a smaller area within the broad scope of the study as a whole. The …
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-59784-6
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- 1-330
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Mapping the Brain and Its Functions: Integrating Enabling Technologies into N…
The human brain is a fascinating, complex system whose mysteries are becoming increasingly accessible to the tools of modern science. Neuroscientists have amassed a sizable body of knowledge about the structure of the brain and its specific functions, which has improved our ability to treat a variety of mental and neurological diseases. Many other diseases are less tractable, however, and effec…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-59766-8
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- 1-180
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Advances in Photoreception: Proceedings of a Symposium on Frontiers of Visual…
The visual interface between human visual perception and patterns of light in the world is the photoreceptor layer of the retina. All our experience of the appearance of objects and spatial or temporal patterns of illumination is filtered through the receptor array. All visual function thus depends on the characteristics of photoreceptors—for example, their responsiveness to different wavelen…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-54339-8
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- 1-157
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Reshaping School Mathematics: A Philosophy and Framework for Curriculum
The basic premise of this report is that the United States must restructure the mathematics curriculum— both what is taught and the way it is taught—if our children are to develop the mathematical knowledge (and the confidence to use that knowledge) that they will need to be personally and professionally competent in the twenty-first century. This restructuring involves more than producing …
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-58243-1
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- 1-76
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Everybody Counts: A Report to the Nation on the Future of Mathematics Education
Mathematics is the key to opportunity. No longer just the language of science, mathematics now contributes in direct and fundamental ways to business, finance, health, and defense. For students, it opens doors to careers. For citizens, it enables informed decisions. For nations, it provides knowledge to compete in a technological economy. To participate fully in the world of the future, America…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-59584-3
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- 1-129
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State and Local Government Statistics at a Crossroads
This evolving program of compilations of information on governments is the responsibility of the U.S. Census Bureau’s Governments Division. The division conducts the Census of Governments and related annual and quarterly surveys and maintains and updates a comprehensive directory of state and local governments. The division provides data on major aspects of the finances of the federal governm…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 978-0-309-11136-2
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- 1-185
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Deconstructing the Computer
Believing that increased productivity in the semiconductor and computer component industries plays a key role in sustaining the New Economy, the Com- mittee on Measuring and Sustaining the New Economy, under the auspices of the STEP Board, convened a symposium on Deconstructing the Computer on Febru- ary 28, 2003, at the National Academies in Washington, D.C. The symposium focused on metrics cu…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-53320-1
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- 1-183
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Analyzing Information on Women-Owned Small Businesses in Federal Contracting
Fostering the development of small businesses has been a concern of the federal government since World War II. The charter of the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA), established in 1953, provides that it will ensure small businesses a “fair proportion” of federal govern- ment contracts and sales. Repeatedly, legislation has charged the SBA to oversee efforts by federal contracting age…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-54934-5
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- 1-111
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Learning to Change: Opportunities to Improve the Performance of Smaller Manuf…
Manufacturing firms—large and small—face massive change and adjustments as they move from a stable, fault-tolerant environment of long production runs to a volatile world in which production runs are short, product characteristics are constantly changing, and defect-free on-time production at decreasing prices is a condition for survival. The necessary changes in the organization of product…
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- ISBN/ISSN
- 0-309-58606-2
- Collation
- 1-153
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