In 1849, at a time when classical liberalism was still the dominant ideological force and “economist” and “socialist” were generally considered antonyms, Gustave de Molinari, a renowned Belgian economist, wrote, If there is one well-established truth in political economy, it is this: That in all cases, of all commodities that serve to provide for the tangible or intangible need of the c…
This book is about Tcl, the scripting language developed by John Ousterhout. Tcl stands for tool command language and was originally designed as a simple scripting language interpreter that could be embedded inside applications written in the C language. With the addition of the Tk graphical toolkit and a host of other language extensions supporting such features as graphics, relational databas…
One of the simplest and natural types of information representation is by means of written texts. Data to be processed often does not decompose into independent records. This type of data is characterized by the fact that it can be written down as a long sequence of characters. Such linear sequence is called a text. The texts are central in "word processing" systems, which provide facilities fo…
Bowing to the physics of heat and power, processor clock speeds could not keep doubling every 18 months as they had been doing for the past three decades or more. In order to keep increasing the processing power of the next generation over the current generation, processor manufacturers began producing chips with multiple processor cores. More processors running at a reduced speed generate less…
From the beginning, one of the promises of the .NET Framework has been language interoperability; that is, developers targeting the platform could write code in one language and interact with code written in another language through the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI). Early examples often included a library written in C# utilizing a library written in Visual Basic, or vice versa. Ideally,…
The very first time was when I took a programming class during my freshman year of college. It was a mandatory course for the curriculum Ihad decided to enroll in. It wasn’t like what I had seen in so many movies during my child- hood. I didn’t type in a few simple commands, press ENTER, and watch a trash-can robot say “hello.” There wasn’t even a trash-can robot in this class. Inste…
This volume, Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, is a Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The report is a collaborative effort of Working Group I (WGI) and Working Group II (WGII). The IPCC leadership team for this report also has responsibility for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), scheduled for c…
This volume, Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation, is a Special Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The report is a collaborative effort of Working Group I (WGI) and Working Group II (WGII). The IPCC leadership team for this report also has responsibility for the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), scheduled for c…
Since its early ARPANET inception during the Cold War, the Internet has grown by a staggering nine orders of magnitude. Today, the Internet and the World Wide Web pervade our lives, having fundamentally altered the way we seek, exchange, distribute, and process information. The Internet has become a powerful social force, transforming communication, entertainment, commerce, politics, medicine, …
The beauty and success of Twitter lies in its simplicity.It’s simple not just for its users but also within its rich application programming interface (API),which provides you the tools required to interact with Twitter’s internal services.The Twitter API is responsible for more than 90% of Twitter server traffic and provides the gateway to much of Twitter’s core functionality,such as sta…
This book is for anyone who has basic knowledge of web development and who wants to enhance their knowledge on mobile website performance optimization. By reading this book, a user will get to know how to measure their website's performance, the tools they can use to debug and monitor their website, and the tips and tricks to optimize their website.
Let’s get familiar with dRuby. dRuby stands for “distributed Ruby.” It’s one of the standard libraries that comes with the Ruby core code, and you can use it to write distributed programming apps without the hassle of installing and configuring additional components. In this chapter (because it’s an unwritten rule), we’ll start with “Hello, World” and then create a small reminde…
When learning a new language, there are three things that you need to understand. The first and most important is the abstract model that the language presents. The next is the concrete syntax. Finally, you need to learn your way around the standard libraries and the common idioms of the language. This chapter will look at the abstract model that Go presents to programmers. If you want to dive…
When this book was conceived, our first instinct was to create a comprehensive comparison between Clojure and its host language, Java. After further reflection, we reached the conclusion that such an approach would be disingenuous at best, and disastrous at worst. Granted, some points of comparison can’t be avoided, but Java is very different from Clojure and to try and distort one to explain…
In this book, I describe the Linux programming interface-the system calls, library functions, and other low-level interfaces are used, directly or indirectly, by every program that runs on Linux.
This book is an updated and expanded version of Ruby in a Nutshell (O’Reilly) by Yukihiro Matsumoto, who is better known as Matz. It is loosely modeled after the classic The C Programming Language (Prentice Hall) by Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie, and aims to document the Ruby language comprehensively but without the formality of a language specification. It is written for experienced pro…
Microsoft Dynamics CRM 2015 released many new features that makes it a true xRM Framework to develop custom applications. This book will help you to learn all the new features of Microsoft Dynamics CRM 2015 and to use them to develop real-world business applications. You will learn all the technical aspects of Microsoft Dynamics CRM 2015 that are related to customization, extension, and integra…
While many companies are primarily defined by a business model, Thought- Works is primarily defined by a social model. We define three pillars to measure success in our business and to influence our business decisions. • Run a sustainable business. • Champion software excellence, and revolutionize IT. • Advocate passionately for social and economic justice. This ThoughtWorks business …
In the last decade it has become increasingly clear that the character of the world economy—and the role of the United States in the world economy—is changing. Two characteristics of global economic change are particularly important. First, over the last 35 years there has been substantial relative growth (in pan simply postwar reconstruction) of national economies in Europe and Asia. In th…
A computer program is a set of statements that is used to create an output, such as a screen display, a printed report, a set of data records, or a calculated set of numbers. Most programs involve statements that are executed in sequence. A program is written using the statements of a programming language. Individual statements perform simple operations such as printing an item of text…
This study is clearly not immediately related to any application. Instead we definitely and only consider the fundamental mathematical structure modeling mechanical computations. As pointed out in [12] and in other scientific disciplines as well, it appears to be very important to develop some mathematical models for our main concept, that is in our case that of computation. In doing so, we i…