As a substantial part of the health budget in many countries is used to purchase pharmaceutical products, procurement of drugs is obviously a crucial function. Various types of tender mechanisms as well as direct procurement are described and discussed. A good way for small procurement agencies to ensure product quality is to conduct restricted tenders to which only prequalified suppli…
In 2000, the World Health Organization (WHO) acknowledged the need to further explore the relationship between health and the economy by setting up the Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (CMH). One of the main conclusions of the work of CMH was that investing in health could not only be of intrinsic value but could in addition produce important economic gains. In response to the growing …
Interest rate risk in the banking book (IRRBB) is currently part of the Basel capital framework’s Pillar 2 (Supervisory Review Process). Most jurisdictions follow this approach, which is based on the Committee’s guidance set out in the 2004 Principles for the management and supervision of interest rate risk (henceforth the IRR Principles).1 The IRR Principles lay out the Committee’s expec…
The Little Data Book on Financial Inclusion 2015 is a pocket edition of the Global Financial Inclusion (Global Findex) database published in 2015. This data set represents a second round of data collection, following the initial round three years earlier. The database provides nationally representative, demand-side data on access to and use of accounts, credit, payments, and savings by adults a…
The ndings of this study are primarily based on the 2010 FMIS Database, which includes 55 closed and 32 active Treasury/FMIS (T/F) projects implemented between 1984 and 2010 (7 pipeline projects are also analyzed in some sections).3 The data were gathered primarily from internal World Bank documents and sources: individual project Implementation Completion Reports (ICRs), Project Appraisa…
This Manual is designed to be a quick-and-easy, user-friendly reference for the development of health management information systems (HMIS), with the focus on applications. It serves as a primer on HMIS development and provides a general overview of the basic principles, as well as the fundamental steps and issues involved in the different activities to be undertaken. The information is pre…
Howest is a dynamic university of applied sciences, focused on innovation, creativity and entrepreneurship. Our core values “serve – empower – care” stimulate an open, pluralistic and international outlook on education, research and service to society. Howest is a member of Ghent University Association, which provides high-quality higher education to ab…
The Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000, a report prepared jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), indicated that nearly 1.1 billion (1100 million) people have no access to improved water sources and that about 2.4 billion have no access to any form of improved sanitation facilities, with the vast majority of these people …
Arecent and expanding literature establishes the importance of financial development for economic growth.1 Measures of the size of the banking sector and the size and liquidity of the stock market are highly correlated with subsequent GDP per capita growth. Moreover, emerging evidence suggests that both the level of banking sector development and stock market development exert a causal impact o…
Health care waste management (HCWM) has been described as “a process to help ensure proper hospital hygiene and the safety of health care workers and communities. It includes planning and procurement, construction, staff training and behavior, proper use of tools, machines and pharmaceuticals, proper disposal methods inside and outside the hospital, and evaluation.”1 Health care waste manag…
For many organizations, risk management is about minimizing the risk to achievement of objectives – often by avoiding risks altogether or transferring them to others. WFP is different: by nature, it must accept risk. WFP’s humanitarian goals require its staff to provide life-saving assistance wherever it is needed most, often in countries affected by war, pandemics or difficulty coping wit…
The Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000, a report prepared jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), indicated that nearly 1.1 billion (1100 million) people have no access to improved water sources and that about 2.4 billion have no access to any form of improved sanitation facilities, with the vast majority of these people …
The first World Congress on Communication for Development (WCCD) took place in Rome, Italy, on October 25–27, 2006. The main goal of the WCCD was to position and promote the field of Communication for Development in the overall agenda of development and international cooperation. Toward this end, three types of stakeholders, who rarely interact, gathered in Rome: academics, practitioner…
Since the late 1990s access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) has seen tremendous growth—driven primarily by the wireless technologies and liberalization of telecommunications markets. Mobile communications have evolved from simple voice and text services to diversified innovative applications and mobile broadband Internet. By the end of 2011, the number of mobile-cellular …
Influenza pandemics are unpredictable but recurring events that can have consequences on human health and economic well-being worldwide. Advance planning and preparedness are critical to help mitigate the impact of a pandemic. This WHO guidance document, Pandemic Influenza Risk Management, updates and replaces Pandemic influenza preparedness and response: a WHO guidance document, which was publ…